Use GIS Technology to Reveal the Formation and Impact of Early Maritime Trade Routes in the Mediterranean on Cultural Heritage

Nianhua Zhang
Shandong Rizhao City Marine Communication Management Service Center, Rizhao, Shandong, 276800, China
Huiwen Ma
Shandong Rizhao City Marine Communication Management Service Center, Rizhao, Shandong, 276800, China

Abstract:

This study employed a multifaceted approach to reconstruct early maritime trade routes in the Mediterranean and assess their impact on cultural heritage. Historical and archaeological records provided the initial foundation. Examination of Mycenaean Linear B tablets mentioning Egyptian trade, Canaanite pottery sherds found in Israel, and Roman trade documents referencing grain imports offered glimpses into potential routes and commodities. Shipwreck data, including amphorae containing olive oil, wine, and grain, further substantiated these inferences. We integrated geospatial data into a GIS platform. Bathymetry data, reflecting seafloor depth, played a crucial role in understanding navigation challenges. Shallower waters presented hazards for larger ships, while deeper waters increased sailing difficulty due to currents. Wind patterns were another key factor. Favourable winds could significantly improve sailing efficiency, while routes encountering prevailing headwinds necessitated tacking manoeuvres. By modelling least-cost sailing routes within the GIS, we were able to reconstruct potential pathways considering these various factors. The Aegean Loop, for instance, capitalized on favourable northerly winds and avoided shallow reefs. The Central Mediterranean Grain Route prioritized following prevailing winds and deeper waters for efficient grain transport. The Western Metal Trade Route, facing strong summer southerlies, relied on tacking manoeuvres and coastal landmarks for navigation.