Pathogenesis of Diabetic Retinopathy: Role of Inflammatory Factors and Prospects for Biotechnological Therapeutics

Abstract

Diabetic retinopathy (DR), a common microvascular complication of diabetes, leads to progressive visual impairment and remains a major cause of blindness worldwide. Understanding the role of inflammatory factors in the pathogenesis of DR has emerged as a critical area of research, offering new opportunities for biotechnological innovation and therapeutic development. Key risk factors contributing to the early onset and rapid progression of DR include prolonged diabetes duration, poor glycemic control, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. The pathogenesis of DR involves complex interactions among Müller cells, microglia, and a range of inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1? (IL-1?), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Recent advances highlight the pivotal role of inflammation in DR progression, providing insights into novel therapeutic targets. The identification and modulation of these inflammatory pathways hold significant potential for the commercialization of innovative biotechnological therapies, including targeted biologics and gene-editing techniques. This review explores the intricate relationship between inflammation and DR, emphasizing how advancements in biotechnology can lead to precision diagnostics and personalized treatments for DR. By leveraging biotechnological approaches, there is substantial potential to develop effective interventions that prevent disease progression, ultimately transforming DR management and improving patient outcomes.