The emergence of bio-clusters in Egypt and South Africa

Authors

  • Ramazan Uctu Stellenbosch University
  • Nirvana Shanalee Pillay XCell BioConsulting

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5912/jcb477

Keywords:

Biotechnology industry, Clusters, Developing Countries, Egypt, South Africa

Abstract

There is a wide body of literature on biotechnology clusters. However, most of the works has been focused on the description of the clusters as well as the development of biotechnology clusters in USA, Europe and other developed countries. Much less attention has been paid to the development of biotechnology clusters in developing countries. The aim of this paper is to gain a better understanding of the emergence of biotechnology clusters in Egypt and South Africa.

Author Biographies

Ramazan Uctu, Stellenbosch University

Ramazan Uctu is a PhD candidate at the Department of Economics in Stellenbosch University, South Africa.

Nirvana Shanalee Pillay, XCell BioConsulting

Nivana S. Pillay is the Managing Director at XCell BioConsulting in Cape Town, South Africa. She obtained her PhD in Neuroscience from the University of Cape Town in 2006. She has completed her MBA in Entrepreneurship (coursework) from the Management College of Southern Africa. Dr. Pillay is a council member that forms part of the leadership, for the Worldwide Clinical Research Society. She has several international peer-reviewed publications.

References

OECD (2005) A Framework for Biotechnology Statistics. Paris: OECD

Audretsch, D. (2001) The role of small firms in US Biotechnology Clusters. Small Business Economics 17 (1/2): 3-15.

Brar, B. and McLarney, C. (2001) Poised for Success?: An Analysis of the Halifax Biotechnology Cluster. Halifax, Canada: the Centre for International Trade and Transportation. CITT discussion paper no. 187. (URL: http://citt.management.dal.ca/Files/pdf's/DP-187.pdf, accessed 18 August 2010)

Viljamaa, K. (2004) What Does It Take To Build A Local Biotechnology Cluster In A Small Country? The Case of Turku, Finland, As an Example, paper to be presented at the Druid Summer Conference on Industrial Dynamics, Innovation and Development; 14-16 June 2004, Elsinore, Denmark (URL: http://www2.druid.dk/conferences/viewpaper.php?id=2255&cf=16, accessed 13 February 2008).

Niosi, J. and Bas, T. (2003) Biotechnology Megacentres: Montreal and Toronto Regional Systems of Innovation. European Planning Studies 11(7): 789-804.

Poon, P. and Liyange, S. (2004) Commercialization of biotechnology in newly industrialized economies. Int. J. Biotechnology 6 (2/3): 243-259

Todtling, F. and Trippl, M. (2005) Knowledge links in high-technology industries: markets, networks or milieu? The case of the Vienna biotechnology cluster, paper prepared for the DRUID 10th anniversary summer conference on Dynamics of Industry and Innovation: Organizations, Networks and Systems; 27-29 June 2005, Copenhagen, Denmark (URL: http://www2.druid.dk/conferences/viewpaper.php?id=2701&cf=18, accessed 13 February 2008).

Waxell, A. and Malmberg, A. (2007) What is global and what is local in knowledge-generating interaction? The case of the biotech cluster in Uppsala, Sweden. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 19: 137–159

Sainsbury, Lord of Turville (1999) Biotechnology clusters, Department of Trade and Industry London: UK

Innovation and Technology Commission (2007) (URL: http://www.itc.gov.hk/en/area/bio.htm, accessed 11 February 2009)

Prahalathan, S., Kumar, A. and Mazumdar, R. (2010) Biotechnology Industry in India: Opportunities for Growth. Exim Bank: Export-Import Bank of India, Occasional Paper no. 137 (URL: http://www.eximbankindia.com/op/op137.pdf, accessed 04 May 2011)

Hine, D. and Kapeleris, J. (2006) Innovation and Entrepreneurship in Biotechnology, an International Perspective Concepts, Theories and Cases. UK: Edward Elgar Publications.

Buckley, J. et al (2006) Off the beaten path, Nature Biotechnology, 24 (3): 309-315

Niosi, J. and Bas, T. (2001) The Competencies of Regions –Canada’s Clusters in Biotechnology. Small Business Economics 17: 31–42

Galliano, R. (2006) Biotechnology and Local Development – Germany Leads the Way. Biotechnology Regional Development 2006: 12-14 (URL: http://www.touchbriefings.com/pdf/1866/galliano.pdf, accessed 01 April 2007)

Rinaldi, A. (2006) More than the sum of their parts?. EMBO reports 7 (2): 133-136 (URL: http://www.nature.com/embor/journal/v7/n2/pdf/7400633.pdf, accessed 01 April 2007)

Phillips, PWB and Ryan, CD (2007) The Role of Clusters in Driving Innovation. In A Krattiger, RT Mahoney, L Nelsen, et al (eds.) Intellectual Property Management in Health and Agricultural Innovation: A Handbook of Best Practices MIHR: Oxford, U.K. and PIPRA: Davis, U.S.A. pp. 281-294 (URL: www.ipHandbook.org).

Rosiello, A. & Orsenigo, L. (2008) A Critical Assessment of Regional Innovation Policy in Pharmaceutical Biotechnology. European Planning Studies 16 (3): 337-357.

Okamoto, Y. (2009) Creating a Biotechnology Cluster: Lessons to Learn from Singapore’s Experience, Doshisha University Policy Studies no. 3 (URL: http://doors.doshisha.ac.jp/webopac/bdyview.do?bodyid=BD00013213&elmid=Body&lfname=040000030012.pdf, accessed 3 March 2011).

Porter, M. (1998) Clusters and the new economics of competition. Harvard Business Review, November-December, In Z J Acs (eds.) the Growth of Cities, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing, pp.615-628.

Zhu, D. & Tann J. (2005) A Regional Innovation System in a Small-sized Region: A Clustering Model in Zhongguancun Science Park. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management 17 (3): 375–390.

Singh, I. (2003) Can Government Catalyze Clusters? Examples of Government Actions. Paper was prepared for The 6th Annual International Conference of the Competitiveness Institute; September 2003, Gothenburg, Sweden (URL: http://www.omicc.ca/doc/examples-govactions-sept2003.pdf, accessed 01 May 2011)

Kulkarni, N. (2005), Fostering growth through bioclusters. Biospectrum, 11 November, (URL: http://biospectrumindia.ciol.com/content/biofocus/10511111.asp, access at 26.02.2008).

Gertler, M. and Vinodrai, T.(2009) Life Sciences and Regional Innovation: One Path or Many?. European Planning Studies 17 (2): 235-261.

Abdelgafar, B., Thorsteinsdóttir, H., Quach, U., Singer, A. P. & Daar, A. S. (2004) The emergence of Egyptian biotechnology from generics. Nature Biotechnology 22 (URL: http://www.jointcentreforbioethics.ca/rss/news/documents/nature_egypt.pdf, accessed 01 May 2011).

Louet, S. (2006) Rainbow biotech- South Africa’s emerging sector. Nature Biotechnology 24 (11): 1313-1316.

Al-Bader, S. et al (2009) Small but tenacious: South Africa’s health biotech sector. Nature Biotechnology 27(5): 427-445.

Gastrow, M. (2008) Great expectations: the state of biotechnology research and development in South Africa. African Journal of Biotechnology 7 (4): 342-348.

Wolson, R. (2005) towards the establishment of a vibrant South African biotechnology industry: will the recent policy interventions achieve their objectives?. Int J. Biotechnology 7 (1/2/3): 147-160.

Cloete, T, Nel, L. and Theron, J. (2006) Biotechnology in South Africa. Trends in Biotechnology 24 (12): 557-562.

Motari, M., Quach, U., Thorsteinsdottir, H., Martin, D., Daar, A., and Singer, P. (2004) South Africa-blazing a trail for African biotechnology. Nature Biotechnology 22: DC37 - DC41, doi:10.1038/nbt1204supp-DC37.

DST (2008), National Biotechnology Audit 2007. Department of Science and Technology: Pretoria.

URL: http://www.blueprintbiotechlab.co.za/b2b-capebiotech.php, accessed 24 July 2009

URL:http://www.fdimagazine.com/news/fullstory.php/aid/688/Cape_Biotech:_Boosting_biotechnologyinnovation.html, accessed 24 July2009

Published

2012-01-01

Issue

Section

Article